A guide is a person who leads anyone through unknown or unmapped country. This includes a guide of the real world (such as someone who conducts travellers and tourists through a place of interest), as well as a person who leads someone to more abstract places (such as to knowledge or wisdom).

Guide - meanings related to travel and recreational pursuits

There are many variants of guides in this context, and guides are often employed in any aspect of travel or adventure, or wherever there is an advantage to the client in terms of knowledge provided in improving the overall travel experience or making the client feel more safe due to the presumed expertise of the guide. These days guides will normally possess an area and field-specific qualification usually issued and/or recognised by the appropriate Guide's Association or licensing authority. However this is not always the case, and it is advisable for travellers paying a premium to go on an organised tour or journey because they think this will mean they will have a better experience to check the guide's qualifications beforehand.Explorers in the past venturing into territory unknown by their own people invariably hired guides. American West explorers Lewis and Clark hired a Shoshone Indian woman Sacagawea, and Wilfred Thesiger hired guides in the deserts that he ventured into, such as Kuri on his journey to the Tibesti Mountains in 1938. Aside from knowing the way or the area geographically, modern guides are usually hired to act as interpreters for those travellers who do not speak the local language and provide cultural, historical or other information on the area visited. Travel companies organising tours of large groups often have a guide or tour leader accompany the group. They might also be trained in First Aid and have other skills that reduce the risk for the tour operator to conduct these tours or the travel agency selling them. Here are some examples of guide professions:

Tourist guide

Tourist Guides are representatives of the cities, regions and countries for which they are qualified. It depends largely on them if visitors feel welcome, want to stay longer or decide to come back. They therefore contribute considerably to the perception of the destination. Tourist Guides are able to help travellers understand the culture of the region visited and the way of life of its inhabitants. They have a particular role on the one hand to promote the cultural and natural heritage whilst on the other hand to help ensure its sustainability by making visitors aware of its importance and vulnerability. [EN 13809:2003]

Mountain guide

Mountain guides are those employed in mountaineering; these are not merely to show the way but stand in the position of professional climbers with an expert knowledge of rock and snowcraft, which they impart to the amateur, at the same time assuring the safety of the climbing party. This professional class of guides arose in the middle of the 19th century when Alpine climbing became recognized as a sport.

In Switzerland, the central committee of the Swiss Alpine Club issues a guides’ tariff which fixes the charges for guides and porters; there are three sections, for the Valais and Vaudois Alps, for the Bernese Oberland, and for central and eastern Switzerland.

In Chamonix (France) a statue has been raised to Jacques Balmat, who was the first to climb Mont Blanc in 1786. Other notable European guides are Auguste Balmat, Michel Cros, Maquignay, J. A. Carrel, who accompanied Edward Whymper to the Andes, the brothers Lauener, Christian Almer and Jakob and Melchior Anderegg.

Hunting guide

Guides employed by those seeking to hunt wildlife, especially big game animals in the wild. Hunting guides have been important in many areas of the world, including the American west, the Adirondacks, and Africa, etc. Hunting guides in Africa of European descent are commonly referred to as White hunter, although this is becoming a less fashionable term these days, as in most African countries today there are also native African "hunters" or hunting guides.

Safari guide

Guides employed on safari, usually for "photographic safaris", although the term can also refer to a "hunting guide" or Professional Hunter. Safari guides who are self-employed, working on their own account with their own marketing and clientele (in contrast with those who work for an employer) sometimes refer to themselves as "professional safari guides".

Guide - metaphysical meanings

Trip sitter

A psychedelic guide is someone who guides a drug user's experiences as opposed to a sitter who merely remains present, ready to discourage bad trips and handle emergencies but not otherwise getting involved. Guides are more common amongst spiritual users of entheogens. Psychedelic guides were strongly encouraged by Timothy Leary and the other authors of ''The Psychedelic Experience: A Guide Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead''. Trip sitters are also mentioned in the Responsible Drug User's Oath.

Guided meditation

Military guides and development of Guides Regiments

In European wars up to the time of the French Revolution, the absence of large-scale detailed maps made local guides almost essential to the direction of military operations. In the 18th century the stricter organization of military resources led in various countries to the special training of guide officers who had the primary duty of finding, and if necessary establishing, routes across country. In the history of the American west, Native Americans and mountain men were important in leading military units and settlers alike.

The genesis of the "Guides" regiments may be found in a short-lived Corps of Guides formed by Napoleon in Italy in 1796, which appears to have been a personal escort or body guard composed of men who knew the country. Following the unification of Italy in 1870-71, the new national army included a regiment designated as Guides - the 19th Cavalleggieri (Light Horse).

In the Belgian Army the two Guides regiments, created respectively in 1833 and 1874, constituted part of the light cavalry and came to correspond to the Guard cavalry of other nations. Until the outbreak of World War I, they wore a distinctive uniform comprising a plumed busby, green dolman braided in yellow, and crimson breeches. Mechanised in October 1937, both regiments form armoured battalions in the modern Belgian Army.

In the Swiss army prior to 1914 the squadrons of "Guides" acted as divisional cavalry. In this role these light cavalry units were called upon, on occasion, to lead columns.

The "Queen’s own Corps of Guides" of the British Indian Army consisted of a unique combination of infantry companies and cavalry squadrons. After World War I the infantry element was incorporated in the 12th Frontier Force Regiment and the Guides Cavalry formed a separate regiment - the 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force).

In drill, a "guide" is an officer or non-commissioned officer who regulates the direction and pace of movements.

References

''Original text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica''.

Category:Personal care and service occupations

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Arthur Scargill (born 11 January 1938) is a British politician who was President of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) from 1982 to 2002, leading the union through the 1984–85 miners' strike, a key event in British labour and political history. He is the current leader of the Socialist Labour Party (SLP), which he founded in 1996.

Early life

Scargill was born in Worsbrough Dale, Barnsley, Yorkshire. His father, Harold, was a miner and a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. His mother Alice (née Pickering) was a professional cook. Arthur was much doted on by his parents as he was an only child, and his mother had previously been told that she was unable to have children . He did not take the Eleven plus exam, and went to Worsbrough Dale School (now called the Elmhirst School) leaving school at 15 to become a coal miner at Woolley Colliery from 1953, where he became the pit delegate ten years later. Scargill was a member of the Young Communist League from 1955 to 1962, and joined the Labour Party in 1962.

National Union of Mineworkers

Scargill became involved in the Yorkshire Left, a group of left-wing activists involved in the Yorkshire region of the NUM, its largest region. While still a working miner, he played an important role in the miners' strike of 1972, involved in the mass picket at Saltley Gate in Birmingham. Shortly afterward, he was elected to the full-time post of compensation agent in the Yorkshire NUM. A few months later, the President of the Yorkshire NUM died unexpectedly. Scargill was elected to this post in 1973 and continued in it until 1981. During his tenure he became popular with sections of the left and with his members, who saw him as honest, hard-working and genuinely concerned with their welfare. In 1973, he was instrumental in organising the miners' strike that brought down Edward Heath's Government in March 1974.

In the 1981 election for NUM President, Scargill secured around 70% of the vote. One of the main planks of his platform was to give more power to union conferences than to executive meetings, on the grounds that the former was more democratic. This had great implications for regional relations in the NUM; the executive was described as dominated by "Gormley's rotten boroughs", since every region - even quite small ones - had one delegate, and the larger regions had only a few more (Scotland and South Wales had two delegates each, Yorkshire had three).

Scargill was a very vocal opponent of Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government, and determined to use the union to oppose its policies, just as he had done with the Edward Heath government. He frequently appeared on television attacking the government and eventually led the union into the 1984–1985 miners' strike. This ended in a shattering defeat for the miners and saw a split in the union (see Union of Democratic Mineworkers).

In May 1985, two striking South Wales miners were sentenced to life imprisonment after being found guilty of the murder of taxi driver David Wilkie, killed six months earlier when a concrete post was dropped on his car while driving a non-striking miner to work. Lawyer John Prosser QC, representing defendant Russell Shankland, claimed that Shankland and co-defendant Dean Hancock were victims in a "nation at war", and criticised Arthur Scargill as being a general at war who "stood outside the law" and left his defendant "outside the law".

Scargill, along with Labour MP Tony Benn, was actively involved in the campaign to free Shankland and Hancock from prison. The first round of their victory was achieved in October 1985, when their life sentences for murder were reduced to eight years for manslaughter on appeal. They were finally released from prison in November 1989.

After the miners' strike, he was elected to lifetime Presidency of the NUM by an overwhelming national majority, in a very controversial election where some of the alternative candidates claimed that they were given very little time to prepare.

The media characterised the strike as "Scargill's strike" and most people believed that he had been looking for an excuse for a strike since becoming union president. This portrayal may not be wholly accurate, as the strike began when miners walked out in Yorkshire rather than when Scargill called for action. Scargill's decision to not hold a ballot of members was seen as an erosion of democracy within the union, but the role of ballots in decision-making had been made very unclear after previous leader, Joe Gormley, had ignored two ballots over wage reforms, and his decisions had been upheld after appeals to court were made.

On the appointment of Ian MacGregor as head of the NCB in 1983, Scargill stated, "The policies of this government are clear - to destroy the coal industry and the NUM". During the strike itself, Scargill continued to claim that the government had a long-term strategy to destroy the industry by closing unprofitable pits, and that it listed pits it wanted to close each year. This was, however, denied by the government. He stepped down from leadership of the NUM at the end of July 2002, to become the Honorary President. He was succeeded by Ian Lavery.

On 25 August 2010, it was reported that Scargill had been told that he no longer qualified for membership of the National Union of Mineworkers. Scargill denies this and is pursuing legal action using solicitor Mark Stephens.

Socialist Labour Party

Scargill founded the Socialist Labour Party on 13 January 1996, although the party was launched officially on 4 May 1996, after the Labour Party abandoned the original wording of Clause IV - the nationalisation of key industries and utilities - in its constitution.

His breakaway party has had little success in the polls. He has contested two parliamentary elections. In the 1997 general election, he ran against Alan Howarth, a defector from the Conservative Party to Labour, who had been given the safe seat of Newport East to contest. In the 2001 general election, he ran against Peter Mandelson in Hartlepool. He lost on both occasions, winning just 2.4% of the vote in the Hartlepool election. In May 2009, he was the number one candidate for the Socialist Labour Party for one of London's seats in the European Parliament.

Scargill has become more politically outspoken since stepping down from the NUM presidency, and has gone on record as a supporter of Joseph Stalin, saying that the "ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin" explain the "real world". Scargill had long criticised Poland's Solidarity trade union movement for its ultimately successful attacks upon the communist system in Poland, which Scargill saw as 'deformed' but reformable.

Television

Scargill was portrayed by Peter Richardson in the 1988 comedy film ''The Strike''. In ''Citizen Smith'' he was to have been in the cabinet had Wolfie Smith taken power.

Music

Scargill is referred to in the 1984 song "Too Hot", from the album Word of Mouth by The Kinks: "Arthur's on the warpath/ Here he goes again!"

Elections

UK Parliament elections Socialist Labour Party (UK)Hartlepool (UK Parliament constituency)

Date of election !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! %
United Kingdom general election, 1997	1997	Newport East (UK Parliament constituency)>Newport East	SLP ||	1,952	5.2
United Kingdom general election, 2001	2001	Hartlepool ||	Socialist Labour Party (UK)>SLP	912	2.4

London Assembly elections (Entire London city)

17,401

Date of election !! Party !! Votes !! % !! Results !! Notes
London Assembly election, 2000	2000	Socialist Labour Party (UK)>SLP	|	1.0	Not elected	Multi-members party list

Welsh Assembly elections

Socialist Labour Party

Year !! Region !! Party !! Votes !! % !! Result
National Assembly for Wales election, 2003	2003	South Wales East (National Assembly for Wales electoral region)>South Wales East	SLP ||	3,695	2.2	Not elected

European Parliament elections

Socialist Labour Party (UK)London (European Parliament constituency)

Year !! Region !! Party !! Votes !! % !! Result !! Notes
European Parliament election, 1999 (United Kingdom)	1999	London (European Parliament constituency)>London	SLP ||	19,632	1.7	Not-elected	Multi-member constituency; party list
European Parliament election, 2009 (United Kingdom)	2009	London ||	Socialist Labour Party (UK)>SLP	15,306	0.9	Not-elected	Multi-member constituency; party list

References

External links

National Union of Mineworkers

Socialist Labour Party website

History of the Scargill family name

Barnsley Hall of Fame

Review of BBC Radio Play: "The Duel", by Michael Samuels - the struggle for control of the UK coal industry in 1984

Category:1938 births Category:Communist Party of Great Britain members Category:English miners Category:Leaders of British trade unions Category:Presidents of the National Union of Mineworkers Category:Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom Category:Living people Category:Socialist Labour Party (UK) members Category:People from Barnsley Category:English trade unionists Category:English communists

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Lee Dorsey (December 24, 1924 – December 2, 1986) was an African American pop/R&B singer during the 1960s. Much of his work was produced by Allen Toussaint with instrumental backing provided by the Meters.

Career

Born Irving Lee Dorsey in New Orleans, Louisiana, Dorsey moved to Portland, Oregon when he was ten years old. He served in the United States Navy and began a career in prizefighting. Boxing as a light heavyweight in Portland in the early 1950s, he fought under the name "Kid Chocolate" and was quite successful.

Dorsey met songwriter/producer Allen Toussaint at a party in the early 1960s, and was signed to the Fury record label. The song that launched his career was inspired by a group of children chanting nursery rhymes - "Ya Ya" went to number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. He recorded other songs for Fury before the label folded, and Dorsey went back to his car repair business.

Toussaint later came back on the Amy label and began to work with Dorsey once again. From 1965 to 1969 Dorsey put seven songs in the Hot 100, the most successful of which was "Working in the Coal Mine" in 1966. It was to be his second and last Top Ten song. In 1970 Dorsey and Toussaint collaborated on an album entitled ''Yes We Can''; the title song was Dorsey's last entry in the singles chart. It was later a hit for the Pointer Sisters under the title, "Yes We Can Can".

Dorsey appeared on an album with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes, which led to more recordings on his own with ABC Records in the late 1970s. In 1980, Dorsey opened for English punk band The Clash on their U.S. tour.

Dorsey contracted emphysema and died on December 2, 1986, in New Orleans, at the age of 61.

Dorsey's songs have been covered by artists as diverse as Petula Clark ("Ya Ya Twist," a 1962 French version of "Ya Ya") and Devo ("Working in the Coal Mine"). "Ya Ya" was also covered on John Lennon's ''Rock 'n' Roll'' album, and The Beatles ''Let It Be... Naked'' contained an extended live jam, with Tommy Sheridan on vocals.

His version of the Allen Toussaint song "Everything I Do Gonna Be Funky (From Now On)" is referenced in the Beastie Boys' song lyrics for "Sure Shot" - ''"...everything I do is funky like Lee Dorsey."''

"Ya Ya" was spoken by Cheech Marin in ''Cheech and Chong's Next Movie'', as he was waiting for his girlfriend.

Discography

Albums

''Ya Ya'' (1962)

''Ride Your Pony'' (1966)

''The New Lee Dorsey'' (1966)

''Working in the Coalmine'' (1967)

''Yes We Can'' (1970)

''Night People'' (1978)

Chart singles

"Ya Ya" U.S. Pop #7/R&B #1 (1961)

"Do-Re-Mi" U.S. #27/#22 (1962)

"Ride Your Pony" U.S. #28/#7 (1965)

"Get Out Of My Life, Woman" U.S. #44/#5/ UK #22 (1966)

"Confusion" UK #38 (1966)

"Working in the Coal Mine" U.S. #8/#5/UK #8 (1966)

"Holy Cow" U.S. #23/#10/UK #6 (1966)

"My Old Car" U.S. #97 (1967)

"Go-Go Girl" U.S. #62/#31 (1967)

"Everything I Do Gonna Be Funky (From Now On)" U.S. #95/#33 (1969)

"Yes We Can - Part 1" --/#46 (1970)

"Night People" --/#93 (1978)

See also

List of soul musicians

List of R&B musicians

List of people from New Orleans, Louisiana

List of performers on Top of the Pops

References

External links

[ Lee Dorsey biography] at Allmusic website

Mini biography and photo @ Findagrave.com

Category:1924 births Category:1986 deaths Category:Musicians from New Orleans, Louisiana Category:American male singers Category:American soul musicians Category:African American musicians Category:Bell Records artists Category:Fury Records artists Category:Smash Records artists Category:Ace Records artists Category:Sue Records artists Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana

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